Juniper Publishers- Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

  JUNIPER PUBLISHERS - OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Introduction Asperger Syndrome is nowadays taxed as mild form of autistic disorders and was recently excluded in DSM-5 and is now subsumed under Autistic disorders, but still present as diagnosis by clinicians. [2], Hans Asperger [1] described in his original description four cases of Fritz, Ernst, Harro and Hellmuth. Principally, an involvement of endocrine system on different levels Hypothalamus-Pituitary axis, insulin metabolism, Cholesterol and especially steroid hormones was suggested [3-12]. Interestingly, Schwarz et al. 2011 showed an involvement of the Insulin-Growth Hormone and Chemokine & Cytokine system, which would be in line with the described case of Harro. Having a detailed view, some endocrine involvement seems to be detectable in Hans Asperger´s analysis. Especially the fourth case is impressive concerning an endocrine involvement. Forecasted Hans Asper...

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS - OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTA L DISABILITIES Introduction Individuals diagnosed with an intellectual disability (ID) demonstrate higher rates of challenging behaviors (CB) than do the general population [1-3]. The literature shows that environmental factors, including negative interactions with others, can contribute to CBs [4-6]. In their thematic analysis of 17 articles on the perspectives of consumers with CBs, Griffith, Hutchinson, and Hastings (2013) found that environmental factors such as “imbalances of power, “experiences of restrictive procedures”, and “impersonal attitudes of support staff” were “accumulative stressors of living in a residential placement” that potentially perpetuated CBs (p. 469). The authors described the “Cycle of Challenging Behaviors” (p. 482) where environments containing consumer-staff relationship imbalances potentially triggered individuals to engage in CBs, which lead to restrictive p...